Curso 04

Lesson 4 - Quaresma Leciono

Vortifado (Word Building)

-in- (female) : yunino (girl), kavalino (mare), hanino (hen).
-ul- (male) : yunulo (boy), kavalulo (stallion), hanulo (cock).

You may feel that at present you have only a limited vocabulary.
Ido, by the logical use of affixes, enables you to make your vocabulary much wider with very little effort.

For example it is possible to change 'yuno' (young person) into 'yunulo' which then means 'a boy' or 'a youth'.

The addition of '-ul-' makes any person or animal into a male:
katulo (from 'kato') - tomcat, hundulo (from 'hundo') - a male dog, etc.
The female equivalent is '-in-':
yunino (girl), katino (she-cat), hundino (she-dog, bitch), and so on.

Lets try some more examples:
filio - child, filiulo - son, filiino - daughter
kuzo - cousin, kuzulo - male cousin, kuzino - female cousin
sekretario - secretary, sekretariulo - man secretary, sekretariino - woman secretary doktoro - doctor, doktorulo - man doctor, doktorino - woman doctor

When necessary, the prefix 'ge-' marks common gender (both sexes together):
geavi - grandparents, gefilii - children/ sons and daughters.
But 'parents' is not 'gepatri' but exceptionally 'genitori'.

Note:
Gender is usually left unmarked in Ido, as is often the case in English, therefore only use '-ul-' and '-in-' when you want to make the sex of a person or animal clear. Don't use these affixes unnecessarily.

A complete list of affixes can be found in any good Ido dictionary.

Vortaro (Vocabulary)

Learn the following words by heart:

avan	in front of
butiko	shop
che	in/at/to (house or business of)
dentisto	dentist
familio	family
frukto	fruit
karno	meat
karno-vendisto	butcher
hundulo	dog (male)
katino	cat (female)
kavalino	horse (female)
kavalulo	horse (male)
kirko	church
ma	but
mediko	doctor
musino	mouse (female)
musulo	mouse (male)
nur	only
preferar	to prefer
staciono	station
ruro	country(side)
spozino	wife
spozulo	husband
urbo	town
vendar	to sell
vendisto	seller
yunino	girl
yunulo	boy / a youth

Exerco 1 (Exercise 1)

Examples to read and translate (Click here to go to the answers):

 1. Mary es yunino. 

 2. Charles es yunulo. 

 3. Il havas hundulo. 

 4. Pomo es frukto. 

 5. Me nur kompras katino. 

 6. Me ofte iras a la urbo. 

 7. Me ofte iras che la dentisto. 

 8. La karno-vendisto vendas karno. 

 9. Alan es che la mediko. 

 10. Me ne kompras ol che la mediko. 

 11. Vua spozulo nomesas Jack. 

 12. Mea spozino iras a la butiki. 

 13. Hodie Lesley iras a la butiki. 

 14. El kompras karno por la familio. 

 15. La kavalino ne es en la ruro. 

 16. Il vendas la kavalulo en la urbo. 

 17. Paul prizas karno, ma Roger preferas fisho.

 18. Me ne kompras mea fisho che la frukto-vendisto. 

 19. La kirko es en la urbo avan la staciono. 

 20. Me kompras blanka musino e bruna musulo por vu. 

Possesion

In English there are 2 different ways of showing that somebody owns something.
For example, if Roger owns a book we can refer to the book either as 'Roger's book' or 'the book of Roger'; or if my wife has a cat I can refer to it either as 'my wife's cat' or 'the cat of my wife'.
But in Ido there is only one way of showing possession. This is by using 'di' for 'of', so that 'Peter's book' can only be translated as 'the book of Peter', and becomes 'la libro di Peter'; 'my wife's cat (the cat of my wife)' becomes 'la kato di mea spozino'.

Exerco 2 (Exercise 2)

Examples to read and translate (Click here to go to the answers):

 1. La hundo di Mary. 

 2. La domo di Peter. 

 3. La kato di la yunino. 

 4. La karno di la kato.

 5. La karno di la hundo. 

 6. La kato di Mary. 

 7. La libro di Mary. 

 8. La taso di mea spozulo. 

 9. La familio di la yunuli. 

 10. La manjajo di la familio. 

 11. La hundo di la yunulo. 

 12. La familio di la mediko.

 13. La domo di la instruktisto. 

 14. La yunini di ca skolo. 

 15. La kato di Philip. 

Quantity

There is another word for 'of' in Ido, but this is used to denote a quantity of something. ('di' is for possession only). For example, 'a cup of coffee' is a quantity of coffee (not a cup belonging to coffee), 'a stock of books' is a quantity of books (not a stock belonging to books). In the case of quantity the word for 'of' is 'de', so that 'a stock of books' is 'stoko "de" libri', and 'a cup of coffee' is 'taso "de" kafeo'. Be very careful not to confuse 'de' with 'di'.

Exerco 3 (Exercise 3)

Examples to read and translate. (Click here to go to the answers):

 1. taso de teo. 

 2. la taso de te. 

 3. la flori di Mary. 

 4. buxo de pomi. 

 5. taso de kafeo. 

 6. glaso de lakto. 

 7. glaso de aquo. 

 8. botelo de vino. 

 9. botelo de lakto. 

 10. familio de mediki. 

 11. La tasi de kafeo di la dentisti. 

Vortaro (Vocabulary)

adube	to where
askoltar	to listen to (no extra 'ad' needed)
atraktiva	attractive
biro	beer
bone	well (adverb)
botelo	bottle
de	of (quantity)
di	of (possession)
do	then/so
instruktar	to teach
instruktisto	teacher
skolo	school
teo	tea
vino	wine
ca	this (adjective)
li	they (the plural of ilu, elu, olu)

Exerco 4 (Exercise 4)

Examples to read and translate (Click here to go to the answers):

 1. Li instruktas bone. 

 2. El regardas yunulo. 

 3. El regardas botelo. 

 4. Li es tre mala yuni. 

 5. La yunulo havas botelo de biro. 

 6. La instruktisti di ca skolo es bona. 

 7. Ol es la botelo de biro di la instruktisto. 

 8. La yunulo e la yunino drinkas la biro. 

 9. Li ne askoltas e do li ne lernas. 

 10. La atraktiva yunino ne askoltas la mala instruktisto.

Konversado - En la drinkerio

<img src="../../imaji/4_1.gif" width="298" height="203" border="2" alt="4_1">

P: Bon vespero, Mary! Quale vu standas hodie?
M: Me standas bone, danko. Quale vu standas?
P: Tre bone, danko.
M: Adube ni iras? - ( 'To' where are we going? )
P: Ni iras a la drinkerio. La drinkerio nomesas la Nigra Porko. Mea amiki dicas ke ol es tre bona drinkerio.
M: Me ne savas ube la Nigra Porko esas. Ube ol esas, Peter?
P: Ol es dop la domo di Sioro Jones, la dentisto.
M: Me rare iras a ta strado.
P: Ho, me ofte iras a ta strado, e me ofte drinkas biro en la Nigra Porko. Ha! Yen ol! Ka vu deziras biro, Mary?
M: Ka vu havas pekunio?
P: Ho, yes! Hodie me havas pekunio.
M: Do, me deziras glaso de biro.

Manjaji (Foods)

butro	butter
fabo	bean
fisho	fish
flor-kaulo	cauliflower
fromajo	cheese
karno	meat
karoto	carrot
ovo	egg
kaulo	cabbage
konfitajo	jam
kukombro	cucumber
latugo	lettuce
margarino	margarine
mustardo	mustard
onyono	onion
pano	bread
pipro	pepper
pizo	pea
rosto-pano	toast
salo	salt
sauco	sauce/gravy
karno-sauco	gravy
sociso	sausage
sukro	sugar
supo	soup
tarto	tart
terpomo	potato
tomato	tomato
torto	pie
vinagro	vinegar
yen	here is/are

Konversado

Give me a fork. - Donez a me forketo.
I have no spoon. - Me ne havas kuliero.
This knife is not sharp. - Ta kultelo ne esas akuta.
Pass me the salt. - Pasigez a me la salo.
May I trouble you for the bread? - Kad vu voluntus pasigar la pano?
Bring me a bottle of stout. - Adportez a me botelo de nigra biro.
Will you have a glass of ale? - Kad vu deziras glaso de flava biro?
I only drink water. - Me drinkas nur aquo.
Are you a teetotaller? - Kad vu esas ne-alkoholisto?
Will you have some salad? - Kad vu deziras salado?
Here is a fine lettuce. - Yen bela latugo.
Do you take oil and vinegar? - Kad vu prenas oleo e vinagro?
Here are the pepper and salt. - Yen la pipro e la salo.

A teetotaller used to be 'anti-alkoholisto' but now a simple 'ne-alkoholisto', a person who never drinks alcohol.

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Answers of the Exercises

Exerco 1 - Solvi

(Click here to return to the exercise)

 1. Mary is a girl. 

 2. Charles is a boy. 

 3. He has a male dog. 

 4. An apple is a fruit.

 5. I am only buying a female cat. 

 6. I often go to the town.

 7. I often go to the dentist's.

 8. The butcher sells meat.

 9. Alan is at the doctor's.

 10. I don't buy it at the doctor's.

 11. Your husband is called Jack.

 12. My wife is going to the shops.

 13. Today Lesley is going to the shops.

 14. She is buying meat for the family. 

 15. The mare is not in the country.

 16. He is selling the stallion in the town.

 17. Paul likes meat, but Roger prefers fish.

 18. I do not buy my fish at the greengrocer's.

 19. The church is in the town in front of the station. 

 20. I am buying a white female mouse and a brown male mouse for you. 

Exerco 2 - Solvi

(Click here to return to the exercise)

 1. Mary's dog. 

 2. Peter's house.

 3. The girl's cat. 

 4. The cat's meat.

 5. The dog's meat.

 6. The cat of Mary.

 7. The book of Mary.

 8. My husband's cup.

 9. The boys' family.

 10. The family's food.

 11. The dog of the boy. 

 12. The doctor's family.

 13. The teacher's house. 

 14. The girls of this school.. 

 15. The cat of Philip. Philip's cat. 

Exerco 3 - Solvi

(Click here to return to the exercise)

 1. a cup of tea. 

 2. the cup of tea. 

 3. Mary's flowers.

 4. a box of apples. 

 5. a cup of coffee.

 6. a glass of milk. 

 7. a glass of water.

 8. a bottle of wine.

 9. a bottle of milk. 

 10. a family of doctors. 

 11. The dentist's cups of coffee.

Exerco 4 - Solvi

(Click here to return to the exercise)

 1. They teach well. 

 2. She is looking at a boy. 

 3. She is looking at a bottle. 

 4. They are very bad children.

 5. The boy has a bottle of beer.

 6. The teachers of this school are good.

 7. It is the teacher's bottle of beer. 

 8. The boy and the girl are drinking the beer. 

 9. They are not listening and so they are not learning.

 10. The attractive girl is not listening to the bad teacher.