Lesson 5 - Kinesma Leciono

Personal Pronouns

By now most of the personal pronouns have been introduced, but for easy reference they are listed together below.

me	I/me
tu	you
vu	you
il, ilu	he/him/td>
el, elu	she/her
ol, olu	it (usually for an inanimate thing)
lu	he/she/it
ni	we/us
vi	you
li (ili/eli/oli)	they/them
on	one/they/people

When necessary,

 the gender of they/them may be indicated by using the fuller forms:

 'ili' for the masculine

 'eli' for the feminine

 'oli' for the neuter

 And similarly in the singular 'lu' is the common gender form of il, el, ol, 
 corresponding to 'li' in the plural; it is convenient in such sentences as:

 If the reader desires fuller details, let him or her (lu) turn to page XXX.

 

 On - one/they/people:

 On dicez to quon on volas. - Let people say what they like.

 

 The reflexive pronoun is 'su': himself/herself/itself/themselves (third person 
 only).

 Il lavas su. - He washes himself. 

 Li lavas su. - They wash themselves.

 Il manjis sua pomi, el manjis sui - He ate his apples, she ate hers.

 But: Me lavas me. - I wash myself. 

 Vu lavas vu. - You wash yourself.

 

 Note: 

 1) 'tu' refers to one person only. It shows affection towards the person addressed, 
 and is therefore only to be used in special circumstances:

 a) within the family

 b) between close friends

 c) when addressing small children 

 d) perhaps when addressing an animal or pet

 2) 'vu' also refers to one person only. It is the usual word for 'you'.

 3) 'vi' refers to more than one person, and is the plural of both 'tu' and 'vu'.

 

 

 <a name="ex1"></a>Exerco 1 (Exercise 1) 

 Examples to read and translate (Click <a href="#ex1-s">here</a> to go 
 to the answers):

 1. Me

 2. Ni

 3. El

 4. Il

 5. Ol

 6. Li

 7. Tu

 8. Vu

 9. Tu

 10. Vi

 11. Ka vu es bona?

 12. Me es dentisto.

 13. Vu es mediko.

 14. Tu es bela.

 15. Ol es en la domo.

 16. Vi es bona mediki.

 17. Il havas bona amiko.

 18. Ni lektas vua libri.

 19. El prizas bela flori.

 20. Li chasas la kavali.

 

 

 Past Tense 

 In the previous lessons we have been using the present tense verb ending '-as' 
 which shows that the action is taking place now. By changing this ending to 
 '-is', we can form the past tense:

 el kantis - she sang/ she has sung/ she was singing/ she did sing

 me manjis - I ate/ I have eaten/ I was eating/ I did eat

 

 The ending '-is' is used for any action that has happened or was happening in 
 the past, and so it can be translated into English in several different ways.

 You may think that to cover all these different shades of English meaning with 
 just one tense could cause confusion. On rare occasions this could be so, but 
 you will learn later on other forms of expression which avoid any such possible 
 confusion.

 The '-is' ending is not the only way of expressing the past, but it is the easiest 
 and most convenient.

 

 

 Verbs 

 The present infinitive of verbs ends in '-ar' (bearing the accent on '-ar'):

 kredar - to believe

 donar - to give

 

 The present tense ends in '-as':

 me kredas - I believe

 me donas - I give

 

 The past infinitive ends in '-ir' (accented):

 kredir - to have believed

 donir - to have given.

 

 The past tense ends in '-is':

 me kredis - I believed/ I have believed

 me donis - I gave/ I have given

 

 

  Vortaro (Vocabulary) 
 

 Learn the following words by heart:

ek	out of
fabrikerio	factory
fantomo	ghost
foresto	forest
heme	at home
malada	ill, sick
multa	much, many
nova	new
pro	because of
querar	to fetch
restar	to stay
tro	too (much)
wiskio	whisky
nam	for, since
pro ke	because

<a name="ex2"></a>Exerco 2
Examples to read and translate (Click <a href="#ex2-s">here</a> to go to the answers):
1. Me es.
2. Me esis.
3. Me havas.
4. Me havis.
5. Ni iras, Ni iris.
6. Il iris.
7. Me iras.
8. Me iris.
9. Me vizitis.
10. Il vizitis.
11. Il manjis.
12. Me manjas.
13. El laboras.
14. El laboris.
15. La hundo drinkis.
16. Il havis granda kuko.
17. Me anke drinkis wiskio.
18. Li lektis multa libri.
19. Me iris a la foresto.
20. Me vizitis la fabrikerio.
21. Me iris a la nova drinkerio.
22. Ol drinkis wiskio.
23. Ni iris aden la gardeno.
24. Me drinkis tro multa wiskio.
25. La nova instruktisto vidis vi.
26. Me promenis ek la urbo.
27. La mediko restis heme.
28. Mea hundo queris la mediko.
29. En la foresto me vidis fantomo.
30. El ofte laboris en la fabrikerio.
31. Me esis malada pro la wiskio.
32. Ma la mediko esis anke malada ed il ne venis.

Vortaro

ante nun	ago
amiko	friend
dio	day
facar	to do
facila	easy
fine	finally
horo	hour
ja	already
kelka	some
komencar	to begin
komprenar	to understand
kordiala	cordial
kurta	short
lektar	to read
laute	loud (adverb)
lernar	to learn
letro	letter
linguo	language
nova	new
omna-die	every day
pose	afterwards
saluto	greeting
sempre	always
skribar	to write
studiar	to study
texto	text
traduko	translation
trovar	to find
dum	for
ye	at, in, on

Letro (pri linguo internaciona (international language))
Ka vu ja lernas la nova linguo internaciona?
Me komencis studiar ol ye kelka dii ante nun, e me trovas ke ol esas vere tre facila.
Omna-die me lektas texto dum un horo; me sempre lektas laute, nam oportas ke ni tre ofte lektez laute.
Pose me facas kurta traduko e fine me skribas letro en la nova linguo.
Ka vu komprenas to?
Kun kordiala saluto, Vua amiko,

Vortifado
Here are some more useful affixes:

-er- (one who habitually does something, amateur):
fumero - smoker
voyajero - traveller

-er- (also used for animals or things characterized by an habitual action):
reptero - reptile
remorkero - tug (-boat)

-ist- (meaning: a person who does something professionally):
koquisto - a cook
instruktisto - a teacher
skribisto - a writer
artisto - artist
dentisto - dentist
fotografisto - a professional photographer (Cp. fotografero, an amateur photographer)

-ist- (also indicates an adherent of a party or school of thought):
Idisto - Idist
komunisto - communist
socialisto - socialist
idealisto - idealist

-ism- (system, doctrine, party):
socialismo - socialism
Katolikismo - Catholicism

-an- (member of a community, country, town or body):
partisano - partisan
societano - society member
Parisano - Parisian
Kanadano - Canadian

-ier- (who or what bears or is characterized by):
pomiero - apple-tree
roziero - rose-bush
milioniero - millionaire

-ier- (also in a few words, holder):
plumiero - pen-holder
sigariero - cigar-holder

Note that all suffixes are added to the root of the word they are modifying, i.e. the grammatical ending is removed:
skribas (writes), root = skrib, skribisto - writer
polico (police), root = polic, policisto - policeman

Vortaro

chambro	room
desneta	dirty
dormo-chambro	bedroom
facar	to make
fakte	in fact
fratulo	brother
heme	at home
hemo	a home
kande	when
koquar	to cook
koquero	cook
laborar	to work
ledro	leather
ma	but
matro	mother
neta	clean
netigar	to clean
nia	our
nun	now
nur	only
plastiko	plastic
puero	child (7 years to adolescence)
restar	to stay
shuo	shoe
shu-fabrikerio	shoe factory
tota	all, whole

Words of one gender (A few words are of one gender only)
As we have seen before, living things can be made male or female by adding the suffixes -ul- or -in-. Originally there were no exceptions to this.
However it was found convenient to include in the language one or two very common words of one gender only: patro (father), matro (mother), viro (adult man), muliero (woman)

Vortifado
Here are some more useful affixes:

-id denotes offspring:
Izraelido - Israelite

bo- (-in-law):
bopatro - father-in-law

Mea Matro
Mea matro restas heme. El laboras en la hemo. El netigas la chambri. Me es neta, ma mea fratulo es tre desneta. Do la matro ofte netigas nia dormo-chambro. Fakte la matro netigas la tota domo. El anke koquas por ni. El es tre bon koquero. Kande me esis puero, el laboris en la shu- fabrikerio. El facis shui ek ledro e plastiko. Nun el ne laboras en la fabrikerio ma el laboras nur por ni. El es tre bona matro.

Adverb
An adverb is a word which describes in some way how, when or where an action is, was, or will be done. If we take for example 'he worked', it may be that 'he worked' + 'well' or 'badly' or 'often' or 'quickly', and so on.
In English most adverbs end in -ly, but not all. The equivalent ending in Ido is -e.
All Ido adjectives can be made into adverbs by changing the -a ending to -e:
mala - bad -> male - badly
rapida - fast/rapid -> rapide - rapidly
danjeroza - dangerous -> danjeroze - dangerously

Vortaro

rapida	fast
ecelanta	excellent
ecelante	excellently
multa	much
multe	a lot
treno	train

<a name="ex3"></a>Exerco 3
Examples to read and translate (Click <a href="#ex3-s">here</a> to go to the answers):
1. Il laboras bone.
2. Il instruktas male.
3. La puero es bona.
4. La instruktisto es mala.
5. La treno iris rapide.
6. El koquas ecelante.
7. Li multe prizas kuki.
8. Ni vidis la rapida treno.
9. La koquisto es ecelanta.
10. Il havas multa amiki.

Vortaro

alumeto	match
butiko	shop
butikisto	shopkeeper
certe	certainly
chanco	luck
desfortunoza	unfortunate
fino	end
helpar	to help
hiere	yesterday
kliento	customer
kun	with
matino	morning
merkato	market
monato	month
obliviar	to forget
pagar	to pay
paketo	packet
pro	because of
pro quo	why
quo	what
sempre	always
servar	to serve
sigareto	cigarette
vakanco	holiday
vetero	weather
ye	at

Konversado
En la butiko (B=Butikisto, M=Mary)
B: Bon matino, Mary! Quon vu deziras?
M: Bon matino, Sioro Harris! Me deziras paketo de sigareto e buxo de alumeti por mea matro, ed anke botelo de lakto.
B: Ka vu pagas nun o ye la fino di la monato?
M: Me ne pagas nun. Me obliviis mea pekunio. Fakte, Peter havas ol, ed il es en la merkato. Ka Siorino Harris ne helpas vu hodie?
B: No, el havas vakanco. El iris hiere a London.
M: El certe havas bona chanco. La vetero es bela. Pro quo vu ne iris kun el?
B: Pro la butiko. Me restas hike e servas la klienti.
M: Butikisti es tre desfortunoza.
B: Yes, ni sempre laboras.

Answers of the Exercises

<a name="ex1-s"></a>Exerco 1 (Click <a href="#ex1">here</a> to return to the exercise)
1. I/Me
2. We/Us
3. She/Her
4. He/Him
5. It
6. They/Them
7. You (a close friend)
8. You(a complete stranger)
9. You (addressing a friendly dog)
10. You (more than one person)
11. Are you good?
12. I am a dentist.
13. You are a doctor.
14. You are beautiful.
15. It is in the house.
16. You are good doctors.
17. He has a good friend.
18. We are reading your books.
19. She likes beautiful flowers.
20. They are chasing the horses.

<a name="ex2-s"></a>Exerco 2 (Click <a href="#ex2">here</a> to return to the exercise)
1. I am.
2. I was.
3. I have.
4. I had.
5. We are going, We went.
6. He was going, He went.
7. I go.
8. I went.
9. I visited.
10. He has visited.
11. He did eat.
12. I am eating.
13. She works.
14. She was working.
15. The dog drank.
16. He had a big cake.
17. I also drank whisky.
18. They read many books.
19. I went to the forest.
20. I visited the factory.
21. I went to the new pub.
22. It was drinking whisky.
23. We went into the garden.
24. I drank too much whisky.
25. The new teacher saw you.
26. I walked out of the town.
27. The doctor stayed at home.
28. My dog fetched the doctor.
29. In the forest I saw a ghost.
30. She often worked in the factory.
31. I was ill because of the whisky.
32. But the doctor was also ill and he didn't come.

<a name="ex3-s"></a>Exerco 3 (Click <a href="#ex3">here</a> to return to the exercise)
1. He works well.
2. He teaches badly.
3. The child is good.
4. The teacher is bad.
5. The train went fast.
6. She cooks excellently.
7. They like cakes a lot.
8. We saw the fast train.
9. The cook is excellent.
10. He has a good many friends.