Curso 10
Lesson 10 - Dekesma Leciono
Possessive Pronouns
These are the same as the personal pronouns, except that the adjectival ending
-a is added. (See also note below).
| mea | my/mine |
| tua | thy/thine |
| vua | your/yours (belonging to one person) |
| lua | his/her/hers/its |
When necessary use:
| ilua | his |
| elua | her/hers |
| olua | its |
| sua | his own/her own/its own/their own |
| nia | our/ours |
| via | your/yours (more than one person) |
| lia | their/theirs |
When necessary use:
| ilia | their (belonging to men) |
| elia | their (belonging to women) |
| olia | their (belonging to things) |
Note that 'me' gives 'mea', 'tu' gives 'tua', but 'il', 'el', 'ol' give 'ilua',
'elua', 'olua'.
This is because the full forms for he, she, it are 'ilu', 'elu', 'olu'. 'Il',
'el', 'ol' are convenient short forms.
Me vizitis mea dentisto - I went to see my dentist.
Il vizitis lua (sua)matro - He visited his (his own) mother.
El perdis ilua parapluvo - She lost his umbrella.
Li admiris sua chapeli - They admired their (own) hats.
Ili admiris elia chapeli - They (the men) admired their (the women's) hats.
A possessive pronoun always implies the definite article; thus 'mea amiko' is
'my friend', 'the friend I spoke of', while 'a friend of mine' is translated 'amiko
di me'.
Conditional Mood
The conditional mood is formed with the ending -us:
Me venus, ma me ne havas biciklo. - I would come, but I haven't got a bike.
Il manjus - He would eat, El drinkus - She would drink.
As you can see it means 'would', but care must be taken not to confuse two different
English tenses using the same construction: When I was young, I would swim in
the river.
Here 'would swim' is used instead of 'used to swim' or 'swam', and is therefore
really the past tense:
Kande me esis yuna, me natis en la rivero.
As the name suggests there is a condition in this tense, I would run if..., I
would sing, but...
It is in this type of construction that the -us ending must be used.
Vortaro
| alonge | along |
| altra | other |
| balde | soon |
| balnar | to bathe |
| desegnar | to draw |
| filiino | daughter |
| finar | to finish |
| imajo | picture |
| komencar | to begin |
| lavar | to wash |
| nazo | noze |
| paketo | package |
| obliviar | to forget |
| perdar | to lose |
| repozar | to rest |
| ruptar | to break |
| sendar | to send |
| spegulo | mirror |
| servar | to serve |
| tro | too |
| voyo | road/way |
Note:
povar - to be able
povus - could (would be able)
<a name="ex1"></a>Exerco 1 (Exercise 1)
Examples to read and translate (Click <a href="#ex1-s">here</a> to go to
the answers):
1. Me komencus la laboro.
2. El perdus la pekunio.
3. Il ruptus la spegulo.
4. Lia onklino oblivius ol.
5. Olua nazo esus tro mikra.
6. Li finus la drinkaji.
7. Me venus balde, se me povus.
8. Vu desegnus altra imajo.
9. Me ne servus altra damo.
10. La muso manjus la banani.
11. La viro ganus tro multa karti.
12. La matro sendus sua filiino.
13. Me oblivius irar alonge la voyo.
14. Se me povus, me komprus altra domo.
15. La klerko komencus laborar se il povus.
16. Mary repozus, ma el ne havas la tempo.
17. Elua filiino irus, ma la voyo es tro longa.
18. Vu balnus en la rivero, ma es tro kolda.
19. Me lavus la hundo, ma me ne havas la tempo.
20. Li sendus la paketo, ma John perdis ol.
Comparison of adjectives
(1) big -- bigger -- biggest : granda -- plu granda -- maxim granda
(2) beautiful - more beautiful - most beautiful : bela -- plu bela -- maxim bela
As you can see from the above examples, in English there are two different systems
for comparing adjectives.
Ido has only one method of comparison which is equivalent to the English in the
second example above.
This means that instead of 'bigger' Ido says 'more big' (plu granda), instead
of 'prettiest', 'most pretty' (maxim beleta) and so on.
Adjectives are thus compared by:
| plu . . . kam | more . . . than |
| min . . . kam | less . . . than |
| tam . . . kam | as . . . as |
| ne tam . . . kam | not so . . . as |
| maxim . . . de | most . . . of |
| minim . . . de | least . . . of |
| tre | very |
El esas PLU granda KAM me. - She is taller than I (am).
Me esas TAM richa KAM il. - I am as rich as he (is).
Ol esas la MAXIM bela de omni. - It is the finest of all.
Il esas TRE brava. - He is very brave.
Me preferas ico KAM ito. - I prefer this to that.
Translate 'as good as possible' and similar phrases thus: maxim bona posible.
Here are some more examples:
Me es leda. - I am ugly.
Il es tam leda kam me. - He is as ugly as me.
El es plu leda kam vu. - She is more ugly (uglier) than you.
El es la maxim leda. - She is the most ugly (ugliest).
Note that KAM means both AS and THAN:
KAM is used in making comparisons, even where English does not use 'than'.
Since ADVERBS of manner are formed from adjectives by changing -a into -e ( bona
- good : bone - well, fina - final : fine - finally ), they are compared like
adjectives: Il lektas plu bone - He reads better.
Vortaro
| alta | high |
| chipa | cheap |
| danjeroza | dangerous |
| fresha | fresh |
| inteligenta | intelligent |
| interesanta | interesting |
| kontenta | contented |
| kurta | short |
| larja | wide |
| leda | ugly |
| mola | soft |
| povra | poor |
| plena (de) | full (of) |
| pura | pure |
| quieta | quiet |
| simpla | simple |
| stupida | stupid |
| vakua | empty |
<a name="ex2"></a>Exerco 2
Examples to read and translate (Click <a href="#ex2-s">here</a> to go to
the answers):
1. La arbori es alta.
2. Ta rivero es plu larja.
3. La pomi es chipa.
4. Ca laboro es plu simpla.
5. La banani es plu chipa.
6. Ta aquo es la maxim pura.
7. Ca buxo es plena de banani.
8. Ca voyo es tro danjeroza.
9. Il desegnas la vakua botelo.
10. Ta infanto es tam quieta kam muso.
11. La karno es plu fresha kam la fisho.
12. Mea domo es plu alta kam vua domo.
13. Ilua hundo es la maxim feroca en la urbo.
14. El es la maxim leda puerino en la butiko.
15. Il es la maxim povra instruktisto en ca urbo.
16. La nazo di Jane es plu kurta kam la nazo di Mary.
17. Li es la maxim kontenta viri en la drinkerio.
18. Ca berjero es plu mola kam ta berjero.
19. Me lektis la maxim interesanta libro en la butiko.
20. Nia filiino es la maxim inteligenta yuno en ta skolo.
Edifici (Buildings)
| arto-galerio | art gallery |
| balno-baseno | swimming pool |
| biblioteko | library |
| drinkerio | pub |
| fabrikerio | factory |
| farmo-domo | farmhouse |
| incendio-domo | fire station |
| kirko | church |
| policeyo | police station |
| posto-kontoro | post office |
| hospitalo | hospital |
| restorerio | restaurant |
| urbo-domo | town hall |
| banko | bank |
| butiko | shop |
| cinemo | cinema |
| domo | house |
| hotelo | hotel |
| dometo | cottage |
| faro | lighthouse |
| moskeo | mosque |
| palaco | palace |
| muzeo | museum |
| teatro | theatre |
| gareyo | garage |
| edifico | building |
| kafeerio | café |
| kastelo | castle |
| katedralo | cathedral |
| kazerno | barracks |
| kontoro | office |
| laverio | laundry |
| staciono | station |
| templo | temple |
| kapelo | chapel |
| skolo | school |
Vortifado
-estr- (Head of, chief of):
polico - police, policestro - police chief
skolo - school, skolestro - headmaster
urbo - town, urbestro - mayor
Vortaro
| al = a la | to the |
| altra | other |
| apologiar | to apologise |
| kom | as/for |
| chera | dear/expensive |
| dejuno | lunch |
| esperar | to hope |
| maro | sea |
| facar | to do/make |
| forsan | perhaps |
| fru-dejuneto | breakfast |
| garsono | waiter |
| intencar | to intend |
| ja | already |
| jeristo | manager |
| juar | to enjoy |
| kelka | some |
| kelke | rather |
| komprenar | to understand |
| kredar | to believe |
| omnibuso | bus |
| lasar falar | to let fall/to drop |
| pano | bread |
| parolar | to speak |
| pasar | to pass |
| per | by means of |
| quala? | how? |
| quik | at once |
| sat | enough |
| sonar | to ring |
| to | that (noun) |
| telefonilo | telephone |
| neglijar | to neglect/to treat carelessly |
| adibe | 'to' there (that place) |
Konversado
En la hotelo (J=jeristo, M=Sioro Morgan)
J: Bon jorno, Sioro Morgan! Me esperas ke vu pasis bona nokto hike en la Rejala
Hotelo.
M: Yes, sat bona. Ma la lito ne es tre mola. Ol es kelke harda.
J: Me apologias. Me ne komprenas pro quo. Forsan ulu neglijis sua laboro. Ni donos
a vu altra chambro kun nova lito. Ka vu ja manjis fru-dejuneto? Me esperas ke
vu juis ol.
M: Fakte no! La ovi esis kolda e la garsono lasis falar kelka kafeo sur mea pano!
Do, me intencas manjar mea dejuno en restorerio.
J: Me parolos quik al garsono. Altra garsono servos vu.
M: Bone, forsan me manjos hike. Me ne savas. Me vizitas hodie la maro. Me prizas
balnar. Me iras de hike per la treno.
J: Me kredas ke la treno es chera. La omnibuso es plu chipa. Ho! Pardonez a me!
La telefonilo sonas. Til rivido, Sioro Morgan!
<a name="q1"></a>Questioni 1 (Questions 1)
(Click <a href="#q1-s">here</a> to go to the answers):
01) Quale nomesas la hotelo?
02) Ka Sioro Morgan pasis bona nokto?
03) Quala esis ilua lito?
04) Quon Sro Morgan manjis kom fru-dejuneto?
05) Kad il juis ilua fru-dejuneto?
06) Qua lasis falar la kafeo sur ilua pano?
07) Adube Sro Morgan iras hodie?
08) Quon il prizas facar?
09) Quale il iras adibe?
10) Ka la treno es plu chipa kam la omnibuso?
Vortaro
| butro | butter |
| febla | weak |
| forta | strong |
| grava | heavy |
| homo | person |
| lejera | light |
| lenta | slow |
| margarino | margarine |
| piro | pear |
| preferar A (kam B) | to prefer A (to B) |
| rapida | fast |
Generala Questioni
01) Kad elefanto es plu granda kam muso? -> Yes, multople plu granda kam muso.
02) Ka muso es plu lejera kam hundo? -> Yes, plu lejera kam hundo.
03) Ka hotelo es plu mikra kam domo? -> No, genarale plu granda kam domo.
04) Ka vu es la maxim grava homo en vua domo? -> Kompreneble, yes!
05) Ka treno es plu lenta kam biciklo? -> No, treno es plu rapida.
06) Ka homo es plu forta kam gorilo? -> No, homo es multe plu febla kam gorilo.
07) Ka butro es plu chera kam margarino? -> Yes, margarino es plu chipa.
08) Ka vu preferas pomo kam piro? -> Yes, pomo kam piro.
09) Ka la televiziono es plu bona kam la cinemo? -> No, kompreninde ne.
10) Ka vu es la maxim inteligenta homo en vua familio? -> No, regretinde ne.
Answers
of the Exercises/Questions
<a name="ex1-s"></a>Exerco 1 (Click <a href="#ex1">here</a> to
return to the exercise)
1. I would begin the work.
2. She would lose the money.
3. He would break the mirror.
4. Their aunt would forget it.
5. Its nose would be too small.
6. They would finish the drinks.
7. I would come soon, if I could.
8. You would draw another picture.
9. I would not serve another lady.
10. The mouse would eat the bananas.
11. The man would win too many cards.
12. The mother would send her daughter.
13. I would forget to go along the road.
14. If I could, I would buy another house.
15. The clerk would begin to work if he could.
16. Mary would rest, but she does not have the time.
17. Her daughter would go, but the road is too long.
18. You would bathe in the river, but it is too cold.
19. I would wash the dog, but I haven't got the time.
20. They would send the package, but John has lost it.
<a name="ex2-s"></a>Exerco 2 (Click <a href="#ex2">here</a> to
return to the exercise)
1. The trees are high.
2. That river is wider.
3. The apples are cheap.
4. This work is simpler.
5. The bananas are cheaper.
6. That water is the purest.
7. This box is full of bananas.
8. This road is too dangerous.
9. He is drawing the empty bottle.
10. That child is as quiet as a mouse.
11. The meat is fresher than the fish.
12. My house is higher than your house.
13. His dog is the fiercest in the town.
14. She is the ugliest girl in the shop.
15. He is the poorest teacher in this town.
16. Jane's nose is shorter than Mary's nose.
17. They are the most contented men in the pub.
18. This armchair is softer than that armchair.
19. I read the most interesting book in the shop.
20. Our daughter is the most intelligent girl in that school.
<a name="q1-s"></a>Questions 1 (Click <a href="#q1">here</a> to
return to the questions)
01) Ol nomesas la Rejala Hotelo.
02) Yes, sat bone.
03) Ol esis kelke harda.
04) Ilu manjis ovi.
05) No, ilu ne juis ol.
06) La garsono.
07) Ilu iras a la maro.
08) Ilu prizas balnar en la maro.
09) Ilu iras per la treno.
10) No, plu chera.