Curso 10

Lesson 10 - Dekesma Leciono


Possessive Pronouns
These are the same as the personal pronouns, except that the adjectival ending -a is added. (See also note below).

mea	my/mine
tua	thy/thine
vua	your/yours (belonging to one person)
lua	his/her/hers/its

When necessary use:

ilua	his
elua	her/hers
olua	its
sua	his own/her own/its own/their own
nia	our/ours
via	your/yours (more than one person)
lia	their/theirs

When necessary use:

ilia	their (belonging to men)
elia	their (belonging to women)
olia	their (belonging to things)

Note that 'me' gives 'mea', 'tu' gives 'tua', but 'il', 'el', 'ol' give 'ilua', 'elua', 'olua'.
This is because the full forms for he, she, it are 'ilu', 'elu', 'olu'. 'Il', 'el', 'ol' are convenient short forms.

Me vizitis mea dentisto - I went to see my dentist.
Il vizitis lua (sua)matro - He visited his (his own) mother.
El perdis ilua parapluvo - She lost his umbrella.
Li admiris sua chapeli - They admired their (own) hats.
Ili admiris elia chapeli - They (the men) admired their (the women's) hats.

A possessive pronoun always implies the definite article; thus 'mea amiko' is 'my friend', 'the friend I spoke of', while 'a friend of mine' is translated 'amiko di me'.


Conditional Mood
The conditional mood is formed with the ending -us:
Me venus, ma me ne havas biciklo. - I would come, but I haven't got a bike.
Il manjus - He would eat, El drinkus - She would drink.

As you can see it means 'would', but care must be taken not to confuse two different English tenses using the same construction: When I was young, I would swim in the river.
Here 'would swim' is used instead of 'used to swim' or 'swam', and is therefore really the past tense:
Kande me esis yuna, me natis en la rivero.

As the name suggests there is a condition in this tense, I would run if..., I would sing, but...
It is in this type of construction that the -us ending must be used.


Vortaro

alonge	along
altra	other
balde	soon
balnar	to bathe
desegnar	to draw
filiino	daughter
finar	to finish
imajo	picture
komencar	to begin
lavar	to wash
nazo	noze
paketo	package
obliviar	to forget
perdar	to lose
repozar	to rest
ruptar	to break
sendar	to send
spegulo	mirror
servar	to serve
tro	too
voyo	road/way

Note:
povar - to be able
povus - could (would be able)


<a name="ex1"></a>Exerco 1 (Exercise 1)
Examples to read and translate (Click <a href="#ex1-s">here</a> to go to the answers):
1. Me komencus la laboro.
2. El perdus la pekunio.
3. Il ruptus la spegulo.
4. Lia onklino oblivius ol.
5. Olua nazo esus tro mikra.
6. Li finus la drinkaji.
7. Me venus balde, se me povus.
8. Vu desegnus altra imajo.
9. Me ne servus altra damo.
10. La muso manjus la banani.
11. La viro ganus tro multa karti.
12. La matro sendus sua filiino.
13. Me oblivius irar alonge la voyo.
14. Se me povus, me komprus altra domo.
15. La klerko komencus laborar se il povus.
16. Mary repozus, ma el ne havas la tempo.
17. Elua filiino irus, ma la voyo es tro longa.
18. Vu balnus en la rivero, ma es tro kolda.
19. Me lavus la hundo, ma me ne havas la tempo.
20. Li sendus la paketo, ma John perdis ol.


Comparison of adjectives
(1) big -- bigger -- biggest : granda -- plu granda -- maxim granda
(2) beautiful - more beautiful - most beautiful : bela -- plu bela -- maxim bela

As you can see from the above examples, in English there are two different systems for comparing adjectives.
Ido has only one method of comparison which is equivalent to the English in the second example above.
This means that instead of 'bigger' Ido says 'more big' (plu granda), instead of 'prettiest', 'most pretty' (maxim beleta) and so on.

Adjectives are thus compared by:

plu . . . kam	more . . . than
min . . . kam	less . . . than
tam . . . kam	as . . . as
ne tam . . . kam	not so . . . as
maxim . . . de	most . . . of
minim . . . de	least . . . of
tre	very

El esas PLU granda KAM me. - She is taller than I (am).
Me esas TAM richa KAM il. - I am as rich as he (is).
Ol esas la MAXIM bela de omni. - It is the finest of all.
Il esas TRE brava. - He is very brave.
Me preferas ico KAM ito. - I prefer this to that.

Translate 'as good as possible' and similar phrases thus: maxim bona posible.

Here are some more examples:
Me es leda. - I am ugly.
Il es tam leda kam me. - He is as ugly as me.
El es plu leda kam vu. - She is more ugly (uglier) than you.
El es la maxim leda. - She is the most ugly (ugliest).

Note that KAM means both AS and THAN:
KAM is used in making comparisons, even where English does not use 'than'.

Since ADVERBS of manner are formed from adjectives by changing -a into -e ( bona - good : bone - well, fina - final : fine - finally ), they are compared like adjectives: Il lektas plu bone - He reads better.


Vortaro

alta	high
chipa	cheap
danjeroza	dangerous
fresha	fresh
inteligenta	intelligent
interesanta	interesting
kontenta	contented
kurta	short
larja	wide
leda	ugly
mola	soft
povra	poor
plena (de)	full (of)
pura	pure
quieta	quiet
simpla	simple
stupida	stupid
vakua	empty

<a name="ex2"></a>Exerco 2
Examples to read and translate (Click <a href="#ex2-s">here</a> to go to the answers):
1. La arbori es alta.
2. Ta rivero es plu larja.
3. La pomi es chipa.
4. Ca laboro es plu simpla.
5. La banani es plu chipa.
6. Ta aquo es la maxim pura.
7. Ca buxo es plena de banani.
8. Ca voyo es tro danjeroza.
9. Il desegnas la vakua botelo.
10. Ta infanto es tam quieta kam muso.
11. La karno es plu fresha kam la fisho.
12. Mea domo es plu alta kam vua domo.
13. Ilua hundo es la maxim feroca en la urbo.
14. El es la maxim leda puerino en la butiko.
15. Il es la maxim povra instruktisto en ca urbo.
16. La nazo di Jane es plu kurta kam la nazo di Mary.
17. Li es la maxim kontenta viri en la drinkerio.
18. Ca berjero es plu mola kam ta berjero.
19. Me lektis la maxim interesanta libro en la butiko.
20. Nia filiino es la maxim inteligenta yuno en ta skolo.


Edifici (Buildings)

arto-galerio	art gallery
balno-baseno	swimming pool
biblioteko	library
drinkerio	pub
fabrikerio	factory
farmo-domo	farmhouse
incendio-domo	fire station
kirko	church
policeyo	police station
posto-kontoro	post office
hospitalo	hospital
restorerio	restaurant
urbo-domo	town hall
banko	bank
butiko	shop
cinemo	cinema
domo	house
hotelo	hotel
dometo	cottage
faro	lighthouse
moskeo	mosque
palaco	palace
muzeo	museum
teatro	theatre
gareyo	garage
edifico	building
kafeerio	café
kastelo	castle
katedralo	cathedral
kazerno	barracks
kontoro	office
laverio	laundry
staciono	station
templo	temple
kapelo	chapel
skolo	school

Vortifado
-estr- (Head of, chief of):
polico - police, policestro - police chief
skolo - school, skolestro - headmaster
urbo - town, urbestro - mayor


Vortaro

al = a la	to the
altra	other
apologiar	to apologise
kom	as/for
chera	dear/expensive
dejuno	lunch
esperar	to hope
maro	sea
facar	to do/make
forsan	perhaps
fru-dejuneto	breakfast
garsono	waiter
intencar	to intend
ja	already
jeristo	manager
juar	to enjoy
kelka	some
kelke	rather
komprenar	to understand
kredar	to believe
omnibuso	bus
lasar falar	to let fall/to drop
pano	bread
parolar	to speak
pasar	to pass
per	by means of
quala?	how?
quik	at once
sat	enough
sonar	to ring
to	that (noun)
telefonilo	telephone
neglijar	to neglect/to treat carelessly
adibe	'to' there (that place)

Konversado
En la hotelo (J=jeristo, M=Sioro Morgan)
J: Bon jorno, Sioro Morgan! Me esperas ke vu pasis bona nokto hike en la Rejala Hotelo.
M: Yes, sat bona. Ma la lito ne es tre mola. Ol es kelke harda.
J: Me apologias. Me ne komprenas pro quo. Forsan ulu neglijis sua laboro. Ni donos a vu altra chambro kun nova lito. Ka vu ja manjis fru-dejuneto? Me esperas ke vu juis ol.
M: Fakte no! La ovi esis kolda e la garsono lasis falar kelka kafeo sur mea pano! Do, me intencas manjar mea dejuno en restorerio.
J: Me parolos quik al garsono. Altra garsono servos vu.
M: Bone, forsan me manjos hike. Me ne savas. Me vizitas hodie la maro. Me prizas balnar. Me iras de hike per la treno.
J: Me kredas ke la treno es chera. La omnibuso es plu chipa. Ho! Pardonez a me! La telefonilo sonas. Til rivido, Sioro Morgan!

<a name="q1"></a>Questioni 1 (Questions 1)
(Click <a href="#q1-s">here</a> to go to the answers):
01) Quale nomesas la hotelo?
02) Ka Sioro Morgan pasis bona nokto?
03) Quala esis ilua lito?
04) Quon Sro Morgan manjis kom fru-dejuneto?
05) Kad il juis ilua fru-dejuneto?
06) Qua lasis falar la kafeo sur ilua pano?
07) Adube Sro Morgan iras hodie?
08) Quon il prizas facar?
09) Quale il iras adibe?
10) Ka la treno es plu chipa kam la omnibuso?


Vortaro

butro	butter
febla	weak
forta	strong
grava	heavy
homo	person
lejera	light
lenta	slow
margarino	margarine
piro	pear
preferar A (kam B)	to prefer A (to B)
rapida	fast

Generala Questioni
01) Kad elefanto es plu granda kam muso? -> Yes, multople plu granda kam muso.
02) Ka muso es plu lejera kam hundo? -> Yes, plu lejera kam hundo.
03) Ka hotelo es plu mikra kam domo? -> No, genarale plu granda kam domo.
04) Ka vu es la maxim grava homo en vua domo? -> Kompreneble, yes!
05) Ka treno es plu lenta kam biciklo? -> No, treno es plu rapida.
06) Ka homo es plu forta kam gorilo? -> No, homo es multe plu febla kam gorilo.
07) Ka butro es plu chera kam margarino? -> Yes, margarino es plu chipa.
08) Ka vu preferas pomo kam piro? -> Yes, pomo kam piro.
09) Ka la televiziono es plu bona kam la cinemo? -> No, kompreninde ne.
10) Ka vu es la maxim inteligenta homo en vua familio? -> No, regretinde ne.

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Answers of the Exercises/Questions


<a name="ex1-s"></a>Exerco 1 (Click <a href="#ex1">here</a> to return to the exercise)
1. I would begin the work.
2. She would lose the money.
3. He would break the mirror.
4. Their aunt would forget it.
5. Its nose would be too small.
6. They would finish the drinks.
7. I would come soon, if I could.
8. You would draw another picture.
9. I would not serve another lady.
10. The mouse would eat the bananas.
11. The man would win too many cards.
12. The mother would send her daughter.
13. I would forget to go along the road.
14. If I could, I would buy another house.
15. The clerk would begin to work if he could.
16. Mary would rest, but she does not have the time.
17. Her daughter would go, but the road is too long.
18. You would bathe in the river, but it is too cold.
19. I would wash the dog, but I haven't got the time.
20. They would send the package, but John has lost it.


<a name="ex2-s"></a>Exerco 2 (Click <a href="#ex2">here</a> to return to the exercise)
1. The trees are high.
2. That river is wider.
3. The apples are cheap.
4. This work is simpler.
5. The bananas are cheaper.
6. That water is the purest.
7. This box is full of bananas.
8. This road is too dangerous.
9. He is drawing the empty bottle.
10. That child is as quiet as a mouse.
11. The meat is fresher than the fish.
12. My house is higher than your house.
13. His dog is the fiercest in the town.
14. She is the ugliest girl in the shop.
15. He is the poorest teacher in this town.
16. Jane's nose is shorter than Mary's nose.
17. They are the most contented men in the pub.
18. This armchair is softer than that armchair.
19. I read the most interesting book in the shop.
20. Our daughter is the most intelligent girl in that school.


<a name="q1-s"></a>Questions 1 (Click <a href="#q1">here</a> to return to the questions)
01) Ol nomesas la Rejala Hotelo.
02) Yes, sat bone.
03) Ol esis kelke harda.
04) Ilu manjis ovi.
05) No, ilu ne juis ol.
06) La garsono.
07) Ilu iras a la maro.
08) Ilu prizas balnar en la maro.
09) Ilu iras per la treno.
10) No, plu chera.

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