Introduction: General Principles en
Introduction: Principios General
Introduction: General Principles
"Vocabulario" e "grammatica" non es duo categorias hermeticamente isolate. Si le grammatica describe le structura de un lingua, il va sin dicer que nulle tal description pote offerer se sin constante referentia a materia lexic illustrante varie tractos structural. Sed il es etiam ver que il non poter haber un dictionario de vocabulos presentate como amorphe crude materia. Registrationes lexic son necessarimente possedite de structura e le structura de vocabulos e phrases es un cosa del grammatica.
"Vocabulary" and "grammar" are not hermetically sealed-off categories. If grammar describes the structure of a language, it goes without saying that no such description can be offered without constant reference to word material illustrative of various structural features. But it is also true that there can be no dictionary of words presented as amorphous raw material. Lexical listings are necessarily possessed of structure, and the structure of words and phrases is a matter of grammar.
Iste observationes non es facite pro suggerer que le distinction inter vocabulario e grammatica sia abandonate, ni que lor tractamento sub testas separate es exclusivemente un acto de convenientia practic. Illos es facite solmente pro reaffirmar le facto que le vocabulario e le grammatica de un particular lingua es interdependente como aspectos natural- e necessemente compatibile de un singule phenomeno. Ultra isto illos pote relevar le question qual special characteristicas distingue le relationes inter le vocabulario e le grammatica in le caso de un lingua projectate.
These observations are not to suggest that the distinction between vocabulary and grammar might be abandoned, nor even that their treatment under separate heads is exclusively a matter of practical convenience. They are merely to restate the fact that the vocabulary and the grammar of a particular language are interdependent as naturally and necessarily compatible aspects of one and the same phenomenon. Beyond this they may raise the question as to what special characteristics distinguish the relationship of vocabulary and grammar in the case of a planned interlingua.
Le character basic de qualcunque lingua es amplemente determinate per tractos de natura structural, i.e. grammatical. Le dictionario de un lingua pote esser invadite per torrentes de vocabulos extranier, sed si su patronos de structura lexic e syntactic remane intacte, le materia extranier essera finalmente assimilate e le character basic del lingua supervivera essentialmente inalterate.
The basic character of any language is largely determined by features of a structural, i.e., a grammatical nature. Let the dictionary of a language be invaded by hordes of foreign words, as long as its patterns of word and sentence structure stay intact, the foreign material will eventually be assimilated and the basic character of the language will survive essentially unchanged.
Iste principio applicabile a omne linguages, es impressivemente illustrate per le anglese con su considerabile vocabulario romance assimilate verso un base germanic.
This principle, applicable to all languages, is strikingly illustrated by English with its very considerable Romance vocabulary assimilated to a Teutonic base.
Il non ha un ration apparente que linguas projectate esserea governate per leges fundamentalmente differente. Totevia a un vista superficial lor situation pare completemente reverse. Il habeva un ample possibilitate que, un vice que accordo super le vocabulario le melior possibile pro un lingua auxiliar es assecurate, opiniones differente con respecto a problemas grammatic duce a nihil altere que variantes parallel de un singule lingua general. Sed isto non se presenta proque le structura grammatical de un lingua projectate es minus significante que illo de linguas natural; illo se presenta proque un establite vocabulario implica le poner de si multe questiones de structura, i.a. de grammatica, que le remanente tractos grammatic joca necessarimente un parte subordinate e dependente.
There is no apparent reason that planned auxiliary languages should be governed by fundamentally different laws. Yet superficially their situation does look completely reversed. There has been ample opportunity to observe that once agreement on the best possible vocabulary for an auxiliary language is assured, diversities of opinion in regard to grammatical problems lead to nothing more than parallel variants of one general language. But this is not so because the grammatical structure of planned languages is less significant than that of natural languages; it is so because an established vocabulary implies the settlement of so many questions of structure, i.e., of grammar, that the remaining grammatical features play of necessity a subordinate and dependent role.
Il es, alora, solmente un apparente inversion del principio del precedentia del grammatica super le vocabulario que post le determination de un projectate lingua auxiliar, omne cosas que remane a dicer via le grammatica debe completemente subordinar se al characteristicas del vocabulario. Le structura grammatical de un lingua natural face lo. Sed le determination del vocabulario lassa pauc questiones grammatic toto indeterminate.
It is, then, only a seeming reversal of the principle of grammar's precedence over vocabulary that after the vocabulary of a planned auxiliary language has been determined all that remains to be said by way of grammar must be completely subordinated to the structural characteristics of the vocabulary. The grammatical structure of a planned language determines its basic character precisely as does the structure of a natural language But the determination of the vocabulary leaves few grammatical questions wholly indeterminate.
Le vocabulario del forma del interlingua proponite per le IALA es incorporate in le Interlingua-English Dictionary. Le principio fundamental del grammatica correspondente debe esser que iste grammatica sia le minimo del systema le plus possibilemente simple, e apte pro guidar le uso del vocabulario selegite in linguage coherente.
The vocabulary of IALA's form of the interlingua is that embodied in the Interlingua-English Dictionary. The fundamental principle of the corresponding grammar must be that this grammar shall be the minimum or simplest possible system fit to govern the use of the chosen vocabulary in coherent speech.
Le tentativa del IALA a compilar un dictionario de parolas generalmente international duceva necessarimente al collection de un vocabulario essentialmente romance. Le linguas fonte a cuje sphera cerca e recerca pote restringer se securmente, esseva espaniol e portugese, italiano, francese e anglese, con germano e russo como possibile substitutos.
IALA's endeavor to compile a dictionary of generally international words led of necessity to the assembly of a basically Romance vocabulary. The source languages to whose domain search and research could safely be restricted were Spanish and Portuguese, Italian, French, and English, with German and Russian as possible substitutes. (For further details, see Interlingua-English Dictionary, "Introduction").
Per consequentia un solide principio de operation in le elaboration del systema IALA de grammatica es que le termino "grammatica minimal" non permittera le suppression de qualcunque tracto grammatic que secundo le testimonio del linguas fonte es indispensabile in le governamento de lor vocabularios e consequentemente del vocabulario del interlingua incorporate in le Interlingua-English Dictionary. In altere terminos, cata tracto grammatic que se trova in tote le linguas fonte essera retenite in le grammatica del interlingua, o inversemente nulle tracto grammatic essera retenite, si illo manca in un del linguas fonte. Assi, per exemplo, le tracto de un distincte forma plural del substantivos debe esser retenite proque illo se monstra exister in tote linguas fonte,durante que le tracto de generes grammatic pote esser omittite proque illo manca in un lingua fonte, a saper in anglese.
Hence a sound working principle in the elaboration of IALA's system of grammar is that the term "minimum grammar" shall not permit the suppression of any grammatical feature which according to the testimony of the source languages is indispensable in the government of their vocabularies and hence of the vocabulary of the interlingua embodied in the Interlingua-English Dictionary. In other words, every grammatical feature which is encountered in all the source languages shall be retained in the grammar of the interlingua, or negatively, no grammatical feature shall be so retained if it is missing from as much as one of the source languages. Thus, for instance, the feature of a distinctive plural form of nouns must be retained because it is found to exist in all the source languages while the feature of grammatical gender can be dispensed with because it is missing in one of the source languages, i.e., in English.
Le determination de qual tractos grammatic es retenite in le interlingua, lassa aperte le question del formas que es usate pro representar lo. Le formas de tractos grammatic es determinate tanto como possibile per le medio del methodo elaborate pro le "standardisation" de formas de parolas como analysate in le Introduction al Interlingua-English Dictionary.
The determination of what grammatical features are to be retained in the interlingua leaves open the question of the forms which are to be used to represent them. The forms of grammatical features are determined as far as possible by means of the method worked out for the "standardization" of forms of words as analyzed in the Introduction to the Interlingua-English Dictionary.
Si le material del sequente grammatica pare esser organisate de un maniera pauco orthodoxe, le ration es simplemente que certe capitulos generalmente representate in grammaticas conventional poterea esser omittite in le caso presente perque su materia es completemente coperite per le Dictionario. Assi le grammatica non contine, per exemplo, alicun discussion special de prepositiones e conjunctiones excepto un paragrapho in le titulo de construction de parolas. Il essera mesmo notate que il non ha alicun section concernente le problemas del syntaxe. Tal problemas realmente existe in Interlingua, sed il pareva opportun tractar los in connection con plure partes del phrase cuje functiones in le parola pote esser facite pro implicar tote le questiones syntactic de importantia practic. - Le apparato technic del Dictionario (le lista de abbreviationes, etc.) es applicate mesmo al Grammatica e illo non ha essite includite novemente in le paginas sequente.
If the material of the following grammar appears to be organized in a somewhat unorthodox way, the reason is simply that certain chapters ordinarily represented in conventional grammars could be omitted in the present instance because their subject matter is completely covered by the Dictionary. Thus the grammar contains, for example, no special discussion of prepositions and conjunctions except for a paragraph under the heading of word building. It will also be noted that there is no section concerned with problems of syntax. Such problems do exist in Interlingua, but it seemed expedient to treat them in connection with the various parts of speech whose functions in the sentence can be made to involve all syntactic questions of practical import. - The technical apparatus of the Dictionary (list of abbreviations, etc.) applies to the Grammar as well and has not been included again in the following pages.